Antarctica cruise cost - Luxury South Georgia & Antarctica Fly & Cruise. Combine the spellbinding wildlife spectacle of South Georgia with the jaw-dropping landscapes of Antarctica on this luxurious time-saving expedition. Cut out two days at sea by flying between Antarctica and South America in just two hours.…. 16 Days.

 
Best of Antarctica: Whale Journey (Ocean Endeavour) 11 Days From $15,530. Follow the whales of Antarctica as they migrate south on this 11-day expedition cruise,... View Trip. Best of Antarctica: Wildlife Explorer (Ocean Endeavour) 11 Days From $7,863. Experience the magic of the Antarctic Peninsula and its islands aboard the Ocean.... Is harry potter on hulu

20 Night Antarctica Cruise Sailing Date November 18, 2024 to December 08, 2024 Valparaíso to Puerto Williams Cruise Ship Silver Wind Ship Rating Ports of Call - Cruising Antarctica - Cruise / Explore Shetland Island - Castro - Caleta Tortel - Cruising the Drake Passage - Niebla - Puerto Montt - Puerto Williams - Valparaíso - Ushuaia Atlantis Bonus Offers Book this 6-day Antarctica Express Air Cruise for 1 week exploring the Antarctic Continent. Sail one way and fly the other. open nav . open search close menu. ... 90% of total trip cost 89 to 60 days – 92.5 % of total trip cost 59 to 30 days – 95% of total trip cost 29 to 0 days – 100% of total trip cost ...The details: Fares for 11-night Antarctica cruises on the two vessels start at $16,780 per person, based on double occupancy. Fares include a pre-cruise, one-night hotel stay in Buenos Aires, Argentina, or Santiago, Chile; flights from Buenos Aires or Santiago to Ushuaia, Argentina; drinks, including spirits and wines; and prepaid gratuities.The cost of embarking on a cruise to Antarctica can vary depending on the departure date, how long the cruise goes for, and the type of cabin you book on the ship. Most cruises start around USD$7,000 and can go up to USD$20,000+ for a cruise lasting 23 days. This heavy price tag is due to the remoteness of Antarctica, how difficult it is to get ...... Price Low to High, Starting Price High to Low, Cruise Line A-Z, Cruise Line Z-A. Pole to Pole Expedition in 2025. 87-Day Nuuk to Ushuaia. Cruise Line: Viking ...All Antarctica Expedition Cruises in 2023 Discover below all 2023 Antarctic cruises featuring small expedition ships, breathtaking landscapes, and captivating wildlife encounters. With daily updates on prices and availabilities, our platform allows you to compare every ship, route, and price, ensuring you find the perfect match for your ideal ...Because we have made all-inclusive luxury cruising to Antarctica into an art form. Silversea offers two ways of getting to the white continent. Choose to fly straight into the heart of Antarctica in just 2 hours with Antarctica Bridge or sail the iconic Drake Passage for an unforgettable experience. Keep Reading.Antarctica Expedition Cruises. Explore Antarctica’s epic icescapes, sculpted by the rawest forces of nature. Visit landing sites, offering some of the most breathtaking scenery on this planet. See spectacular wildlife, including Antarctica’s famous penguins, whales, and seals. Guided by our Expedition Team, you’ll actively explore ...A standard cruise to Antarctica costs anywhere from $3,000 to $20,000. It may cost much more if you book a luxury cruise. This doesn’t include transportation to … It is a profound experience to set eyes upon Antarctica for the first time. Breathtaking vistas, otherworldly wildlife and the journey itself leave an indelible mark on visitors. Here is a land of paradoxes: the world's biggest desert that is also the world's largest ice sheet, nearly two miles thick. Virtually unexplored just 150 years ago, this continent belongs to no nation, and is ... The cost of an Antarctica cruise largely depends on the departure date, how long the cruise goes for, and the type of cabin you book on the ship but most cruises start from CAD$6,255 (USD$4,665). Read more about the cost of an Antarctica cruiseTravelling aboard this modern 134-passenger ship with its 200-degree observation lounge and spacious cabins, spend 4 full days exploring Antarctica’s extraordinary icebergs and wildlife. Optional camping and kayaking, while Ushuaia hotel accommodation and a parka jacket are included in the…. 11 Days. $7,099.Luxury cruise lines: All-inclusive cruise rates are available on luxury lines like Regent Seven Seas and Silversea. While more expensive than traditional cruise rates, the fares …Explore Antarctica on an out-of-this-world adventure with Intrepid Travel. Save up to 20% off on 2024/5 voyages and enjoy daily excursions, onboard experts, creature comforts and … Travel to Antarctica can be expensive, with costs ranging from $500 to $1,500 per day, plus additional costs for flights, accommodations, and meals. Majestic Mountains. From your ship, you’ll see some of Antarctica’s most dramatic mountain peaks, including Rojas Peak and Bryde Peak, cloaked in snow and ice. An Antarctica cruise will also take you in view of the mighty, blue-white Petzval Glacier. Get a sense of the sheer raw magnitude of these mighty natural wonders as your ship ... Experience the White Continent's Magnificence in 2023. Embark on an extraordinary journey to Antarctica in 2023 and immerse yourself in the awe-inspiring beauty of the world's last pristine wilderness. Our carefully curated selection of cruises offers unrivaled experiences, from thrilling zodiac excursions to up-close encounters with penguins ... Ocean Victory. Ocean Victory joined our fleet in November 2021 and was established as one of the most modern small ship vessels in the market. This stylish cruise ship is ideally suited for our business model of small ship expeditions and is deployed and dedicated to varied Antarctic region voyages. With a total of 93 comfortable staterooms for ... February 2025. March 2025. Show More. Antarctic Circle Cruise. Antarctic Peninsula Cruise. Antarctica Fly-Cruise. Antarctica, Falklands & South Georgia Cruise. Drake Passage Cruise. Ross Sea & East Antarctica Cruise. February 2025. March 2025. Show More. Antarctic Circle Cruise. Antarctic Peninsula Cruise. Antarctica Fly-Cruise. Antarctica, Falklands & South Georgia Cruise. Drake Passage Cruise. Ross Sea & East Antarctica Cruise.Antarctica vacation cost. This question is really like asking "how long is a piece of string?". The costs vary dramatically depending on the boat, the itinerary, and when you are going. I think you have to budget a minimum of US$4,000 per person twin share, but depending on the choices you make, it can be as high as US$20,000 per person.People like to visit Antarctica because it is one of the most unusual places in the world. Everyone who visits Antarctica goes as either a tourist or a scientist, making it one of ...Ushuaia to Valpara so. Cruise Ship: Silver Cloud. More Info OR Speak to a Silversea Cruise Expert now 1-888-313-8883 Toll-free 1-727-906-0444 International. Licensed Silversea Cruises to Antarctica Cruise Reservation Site, offering Antarctica Cruise Deals on Silversea Cruises to Antarctica Cruise Destination. Learn how much an Antarctica cruise costs, from budget to luxury options, and what factors affect the price. Find out about airfare, hotels, shore excursions, gear, insurance and more. 14 mins read. Kieren. Any visit to Antarctica is sure to be one to remember, but planning a voyage to the White Continent isn’t cheap. The average trip to Antarctica costs between $7,000 and $40,000 per person, including pre- and post-adventure travel. But some ultra-luxury voyages can cost as much as $140,000 per person while budget …The cost of embarking on a cruise to Antarctica can vary depending on the departure date, how long the cruise goes for, and the type of cabin you book on the ship with most cruises starting at around USD$5,000 (AUD$7,000) and going all the way up to USD$12,000 (AUD$17,000) - for a cruise lasting 21 days. This heavy price tag is due to the ...The history, the exclusivity, and the isolation. Join the small handful of adventurers to have checked off the mythical South Pole. Traversing Antarctica in hours by plane with magnificent views, you'll spend 4 whole days camping at the heart of…. 6-7 Days. $62,895.Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews. We fully agree with what was written bei Mc and Cha. The Scenic Eclipse is a beautiful ship and there is not much to complain about the quality of food, hotel and restaurant services and staff. Although breakfast quality and breakfast service cannot keep up with similar ships. ….Antarctica cruise - Antarctic Circle Expedition. Spend 11 days exploring the wonders of Antarctica. With the milder summer weather, we'll aim to journey below the Antarctic Circle to the secluded and magnificent Marguerite Bay. There are opportunities for whale spotting, seeing young penguins, hiking, kayaking, ice-cruising, and even camping on ...The Antarctica cruise season runs from November to March each year ... Cost (from) Days; Antarctica Express Sail/Fly Cruise: Exclusive: $7805 pp: 6: Antarctica - Polar Circle - Whale watching: Save 25%: $9024 pp: 12: Antarctica Express Sail/Fly Cruise: Exclusive: $9367 pp: 6: Classic Antarctica: Save 20%Antarctic Circle Cruise. Cruise in the wake of Captain James Cook far off Antarctica’s main tourist circuit to cross the fabled Antarctic Circle, the southernmost of the globe’s great lines of latitude at roughly 66 degrees, realm of the midnight sun and true bottom of the world. Avg Length: 10 Day / 9 Night. Embarkation Ports: Ushuaia.The average Antarctica cruise cost is about $8,000 per person. The least expensive expeditions start at under $5,000. Luxury Antarctic cruises can exceed $15,000 per person. Below we crunch the numbers and outline the considerations that influence Antarctic travel costs to help you determine how much it costs to go to Antarctica.Antarctica & Patagonia Expedition | Southbound. Departure Dates. Oct 21, 24, Nov 1, 24. Price from $17,653. $11,804. Ships. MS Roald Amundsen +1. MS Roald AmundsenMS … Majestic Mountains. From your ship, you’ll see some of Antarctica’s most dramatic mountain peaks, including Rojas Peak and Bryde Peak, cloaked in snow and ice. An Antarctica cruise will also take you in view of the mighty, blue-white Petzval Glacier. Get a sense of the sheer raw magnitude of these mighty natural wonders as your ship ... The Antarctic Peninsula is an 800-mile (1,300 km) stretch of land and ice extending northward from the Antarctic continent towards South America. First-time visitors are typically overwhelmed by the staggering beauty of … A 17-night cruise with Azamara starts at approximately $3,544 per person, based on double occupancy. If you actually want to get off the ship, you can find deals like the current fares offered by ... Apr 26, 2020 · The cost to visit Antarctica on a cruise typically starts around $7,000 USD per person and certainly goes up from there. Just like with any travels, there are different companies offering different levels of amenities, luxury, etc. Another thing that greatly factors into cost is the number of days your cruise is. South America cruise deals. Embark on an epic journey to the frozen wonderland of Antarctica, the colossal ice continent that stands as a testament to the untamed beauty of our planet. Whether you’re an avid explorer, or someone embarking on a trip of a lifetime, Flight Centre’s range of Antarctica Cruise itineraries for 2024 & 2025 are ... The history, the exclusivity, and the isolation. Join the small handful of adventurers to have checked off the mythical South Pole. Traversing Antarctica in hours by plane with magnificent views, you'll spend 4 whole days camping at the heart of…. 6-7 Days. $62,895. Antarctic Peninsula with South Georgia and Falkland Islands. Average prices from: $16,500 per person. Days: 18 to 24 (3 days on the continent) This itinerary combines the classic Antarctic route above, with the inclusion of the Falkland and South Georgia Islands for expanded wildlife viewing opportunities and an overall longer expedition.Imagine my surprise when, after days of doomscrolling through $6,000 – $15,000 per person Antarctica cruises, I found a few listings on VacationsToGo.com for Antarctica cruises under $2,000 per person. ... Fly and cruise itineraries are shorter and may cost more per day. If you want to fill a longer vacation, or if you’re trying to travel ...Jan 27, 2024 · Overall Best Pick: G Expeditions. Best for Environmentally Conscious Travellers: Hurtigruten Expeditions. Best for Small Ship Cruise to Antarctica: Quark Expeditions. Great for All Ages: Albatros Expeditions. Best Luxury Cruise to Antarctica: Silversea. Antarctica from New Zealand Cruise: Heritage Expeditions. Sail to Antarctica: Bark EUROPA. Newfoundland Circumnavigation cruises were scheduled for October 2-12 (2019) and June 26-July 6 (2020). Prices started from USD 4000 pp (double occupancy rates). In early-December 2019, Adventure Canada announced four Ocean Endeavour cruises to Antarctica via partnership with Chimu Adventures Pty Ltd (2004-founded, NYC-based … Scenic Eclipse delivers the ultimate Antarctica cruise expedition experience with state-of-the-art Airbus EC-130-T2 helicopters which will take you above and beyond the horizon. Enjoy an underwater experience like no other, journey to the depths of the ocean on board Scenic Neptune, Scenic Eclipse’s customised submarine. Onboard Communications & Facilities. If you wish to stay in touch, even in Antarctica, you can choose from the options below: Internet: $20/10mb; $50/30mb; $130/100mb. VoIP Telephone card: starting at $22 per 20-30min (depending on where you are calling) Ship-based email: starting at $35.Taking you to the most isolated and pristine regions of the planet, and enabling you to explore remote shores and coastlines, the Ocean Albatros is a sleek 341-foot-long, ice-strengthened expedition cruise ship with luxury amenities, operating in both Antarctica and the Arctic. The vessel has nine decks; she was built in 2023 and accommodates ...When most people think about cruise vacations, they imagine sunshine, palm trees, and islands with beach-focused ports. While cruises to tropical destinations are incredibly popula...The remote wilderness of Antarctic isn't immune to human pollution after all. The remote wilderness of Antarctic isn’t immune to human pollution after all. Samples of water and sno...All our Antarctic Cruise Options. We work with over 30 ships across 56 itineraries and have access to the most up to date prices and offers to help find your perfect trip. We don’t charge a commission and there’s no hidden fees. That’s why thousands of travellers every year choose Swoop. Special Offers Available: Swoop has access to the ...Antarctic Peninsula with South Georgia and Falkland Islands. Average prices from: $16,500 per person. Days: 18 to 24 (3 days on the continent) This itinerary combines the classic Antarctic route above, with the inclusion of the Falkland and South Georgia Islands for expanded wildlife viewing opportunities and an overall longer expedition.A cruise ship is a floating version of Reno, Nev., except you can't leave. If you’re planning a vacation, and considering taking a cruise, I urge you to do literally anything else ...Sep 22, 2023 ... The cost of an Antarctic cruise can vary significantly, ranging from approximately $7,000 to $13,000 USD. Several factors influence these costs, ...It’s not just San Francisco that will see more driverless Chevy Bolts ferrying passengers around. Cruise plans to expand to Phoenix, Arizona and Austin. Cruise never planned to mak...Antarctica trips for singles give you complete freedom to spend your time: soaking up the on-deck views, attending every available lecture, and joining paddling and shore-based excursions left and right—or indulging in a slower-paced, more open-ended and reflective South Pole-wards sojourn. And what’s more, there are plenty of Antarctica ...For maximum time in Antarctica with flights both ways, this trip really stands out. An extended fly & cruise voyage spending eight full days actually in Antarctica onboard a small, state-of-the-art expedition ship. Optional kayaking & polar…. 12 Days. $14,795.Feb 10, 2022 ... HOW MUCH DOES A CRUISE TO ANTARCTICA COST? #travel #antarctica #cruise #traveling #travelling. Like. Dislike.South America cruise deals. Embark on an epic journey to the frozen wonderland of Antarctica, the colossal ice continent that stands as a testament to the untamed beauty of our planet. Whether you’re an avid explorer, or someone embarking on a trip of a lifetime, Flight Centre’s range of Antarctica Cruise itineraries for 2024 & 2025 are ... February 2025. March 2025. Show More. Antarctic Circle Cruise. Antarctic Peninsula Cruise. Antarctica Fly-Cruise. Antarctica, Falklands & South Georgia Cruise. Drake Passage Cruise. Ross Sea & East Antarctica Cruise. For maximum time in Antarctica with flights both ways, this trip really stands out. An extended fly & cruise voyage spending eight full days actually in Antarctica onboard a small, state-of-the-art expedition ship. Optional kayaking & polar…. 12 Days. $14,795. Here's a breakdown of the major costs a trip to Antarctica entails. Flight Costs: Between $5,000 and $15,000 per person (round-trip) Accommodation Costs: Between $500 and $2,000 per night. Expedition Cruise Ships: Between $5,000 and $10,000 per person (mid-range cabin) Meals Costs: Either included in the overall cost or $50 to …Antarctica, the fifth largest continent, contains no individual countries or groups of people. However, there are seven countries that claim parts of the continent, and there are m...It is possible to go to Ushuaia and book where you may save on the advertised full costs, this will still cost several thousand dollars as the cheapest cabins are usually all taken in advance. ... Classic Antarctica Expedition Cruise. From $4,949 was $16,449. Last Minute Deal. Dates: March 2024 18 days / 17 nights . Epic Antarctica and South ... Experience unparalleled access to activities and adventure gear on this 12- to 14-day Antarctica air cruise aboard two modern polar ships designed for adventure, education and conservation. Fly at least one way and skip the Drake Passage to dive, snorkel and kayak sooner. Special Offer. From $14495USD. Antarctica & Patagonia Expedition | Southbound (Flight Included) Departure date. 20 Oct 24. Price from $21,434. $19,434. Ships. MS Roald Amundsen +1. MS Roald AmundsenMS Fridtjof Nansen. See all cruises to Antarctica. The average Antarctica cruise cost ranges from £3,000 to £33,000. To find the best Antarctica cruise deals, you’ll want to book early to find the best selection of ships, cabins and itineraries at a lower price. The best way to find a cheap antarctica cruise is by booking at least 12 months in advance, as some cruises may offer an early ...14 to 35 Day South America & Antarctica Cruises. Cruise Line: Princess Cruises. Ship (s): Sapphire Princess l Majestic Princess. Departure: 2/19/2024 to 3/21/2025. Length: 14 to 35 Days. Experience unparalleled access to activities and adventure gear on this 12- to 14-day Antarctica air cruise aboard two modern polar ships designed for adventure, education and conservation. Fly at least one way and skip the Drake Passage to dive, snorkel and kayak sooner. Special Offer. From $14495USD. Cruise ships depart daily for Antarctica, and if they have berths to fill, you may well be able to secure one. This can save you several thousands off the cost of a trip, although you’ll need to plan for around a week in Ushuaia, knocking on various agency doors and comparing deals in order to book your expedition and get a good deal.14 Days – Crossing the Antarctic Circle or Visit the Weddell Sea/Snow Hill. 20 Days – Falkland Islands, South Georgia Island and Antarctica. 21-24 Days – Trio …Travel soon and save handsomely with these much sought-after last-minute Antarctica cruise deals: Save from 15% to 40% off. Many of our guests fulfill lifetime polar dreams at the very last minute—in the wilds of Antarctica. All of our special offers feature voyages departing in 90 days or less—with discounts ranging from 15% to 40% off the ...Jun 3, 2020 ... Put in plain English, that means if you want a cabin all to yourself, the average price will be $20,000. And this price is usually exclusive of ...You could put together a trip of your own with other people with the help of a small vessel operator running your own itinerary, cost - negotiable, but not too ... Explore Antarctica with Lindblad Expeditions and encounter penguins, seals and legendary ice on this fascinating itinerary. Call +1.800.397.3348 or contact your travel advisor Lindblad Learn how much an Antarctica cruise costs, from budget to luxury options, and what factors affect the price. Find out about airfare, hotels, shore excursions, gear, insurance and more. You could put together a trip of your own with other people with the help of a small vessel operator running your own itinerary, cost - negotiable, but not too ... The cost of embarking on a cruise to Antarctica can vary depending on the departure date, how long the cruise goes for, and the type of cabin you book on the ship with most cruises starting at around USD$5,000 (AUD$7,000) and going all the way up to USD$12,000 (AUD$17,000) - for a cruise lasting 21 days. This heavy price tag is due to the ... Learn how much an Antarctica cruise costs, from budget to luxury options, and what factors affect the price. Find out about airfare, hotels, shore excursions, gear, insurance and more. For example, Norwegian Cruise Line has a 14-night Antarctica and South America voyage that makes a round trip from Buenos Aires, Argentina, for as low as …Antarctica Expedition Cruises. Explore Antarctica’s epic icescapes, sculpted by the rawest forces of nature. Visit landing sites, offering some of the most breathtaking scenery on this planet. See spectacular wildlife, including Antarctica’s famous penguins, whales, and seals. Guided by our Expedition Team, you’ll actively explore ...Mar '25 dates - 1, 2, 6, 24. Fly across the Drake Passage in 2 hours to join your ship, cruise the South Shetland Islands and western Antarctic Peninsula. Spectacular scenery, glaciers, icebergs, penguins, seals and whale sightings. Limited number of sail one way, fly the other trips. $4,995 - $36,495.Jan 20, 2021 ... What it costs ... Prices for the December Antarctica cruise start around $11,500 for children and $12,800 for adults for a 200-square-foot “deluxe ...

10 night Arctic / Antarctic. Silversea Cruises • Silver Wind. Feb 12, 2025 — Feb 22, 2025. Puerto Williams, Chile • The Antarctic Sound, Antarctica • Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica • South Shetlands, Antarctica • Puerto Williams, Chile Departing from Puerto Williams, visiting 5 ports, select Itinerary details to review day by day .... Womens ski suit

antarctica cruise cost

An Antarctica cruise is probably the greatest expedition cruise destination on earth. Sadly though, Antarctica cruise costs are quite high given the extreme remoteness of the White Continent. Because of the extreme environment, operating costs are high. Polar ships need to be ice-strenthend and able to withstand the harshest of …The best activity voyage in Antarctica. PLA30-25 The Antarctic Peninsula Basecamp cruise offers you a myriad of ways to explore and enjoy the Antarctic Region. This expedition allows you to hike, snowshoe, kayak, go mountaineering, and even camp out under the Southern Polar skies. m/v Plancius. Cruise date:Feb 2, 2023 ... Sail by deals. Across lines like Aurora Expeditions, Ponant and Quark Expeditions, a 10-12 day cruise generally sets you back about $11,000 – ...The price of the cruise can vary widely depending on the operator, the length of the cruise, and the level of luxury and amenities provided. On average, you can expect to pay between $5,000 and ...Jun 17, 2022 ... How much does a cruise to Antarctica really cost? · 󰤥 · 󰤦 226 · 󰤧 848. Last viewed on: ... Travel to Antarctica can be expensive, with costs ranging from $500 to $1,500 per day, plus additional costs for flights, accommodations, and meals. The cost of embarking on a cruise to Antarctica can vary depending on the departure date, how long the cruise goes for, and the type of cabin you book on the ship with most cruises starting at around USD$5,000 (AUD$7,000) and going all the way up to USD$12,000 (AUD$17,000) - for a cruise lasting 21 days. This heavy price tag is due to the ...HOW MUCH DOES A CRUISE TO ANTARCTICA COST? Expedition Cruises: $4,500 – $16,000. Luxury Cruises: $14,000 – $26,000. Sailing Cruises: $12,500 – $21,000. Fly-Cruise Options: $4,500 – $25,000. Cruise from New Zealand: $14,500 – $22,300 . LAST MINUTE DEALS. One of the most popular options for budget travelers is …Early booking deals can save up to 35% on the total cost. 2. Consider When to Go. The lowest prices are on early season (November) and late-season (March) cruises. Flights are also often less expensive in the early and late season. Learn more about the best time to cruise to Antarctica. 3. Select the Right Ship. It is a profound experience to set eyes upon Antarctica for the first time. Breathtaking vistas, otherworldly wildlife and the journey itself leave an indelible mark on visitors. Here is a land of paradoxes: the world's biggest desert that is also the world's largest ice sheet, nearly two miles thick. Virtually unexplored just 150 years ago, this continent belongs to no nation, and is ... From Antarctica cruises to African safaris to French Polynesia and more, here are six incredible points vacations you need to plan at least a year in advance. If your spring break ...All Antarctica Expedition Cruises in 2023 Discover below all 2023 Antarctic cruises featuring small expedition ships, breathtaking landscapes, and captivating wildlife encounters. With daily updates on prices and availabilities, our platform allows you to compare every ship, route, and price, ensuring you find the perfect match for your ideal ...But while Ianenkov and his colleagues might benefit from a steady stream of wealthy customers – an Antarctic cruise can easily cost £10,000 ($12,700) – the concentration of tourists in highly ...Ross Sea - Antarctica expedition cruises are at their most adventurous in the Ross Sea, a remote area near New Zealand. Its waters contain Killer, Humpback, and Minke Whales, and add Ross Seals to the normal roster of Leopards and Crabeaters. Adventure activities on Ross Sea cruises may include helicopter landings in astounding terrestrial ...Learn how much an Antarctica cruise costs, from budget to luxury options, and what factors affect the price. Find out about airfare, hotels, shore excursions, gear, …Sep 22, 2023 ... The cost of an Antarctic cruise can vary significantly, ranging from approximately $7,000 to $13,000 USD. Several factors influence these costs, ....

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